Over 40,000 people in the UK are diagnosed with blood cancer every year and it is the most common type of childhood cancer. The good news is that thanks to research, blood cancer diagnosis and treatments are getting better. But what are blood cancers? How are they caused? And how is our research helping to start new blood cancer cures?
What is blood cancer?
Blood cancers affect the cells which make up our blood, causing too many, too few, or faulty cells to be produced. They develop when the cells involved in producing our blood gather cancer-causing DNA changes and stop working properly.
Because many of our blood cells are involved in keeping our immune system working well, having a blood cancer might make it harder for people to detect and fight off infection. Blood cancers can also affect parts of the body involved in producing and transporting blood cells, like bone marrow and the lymphatic system.
Doctors currently recognise that there are at least 100 different types of blood cancer. Each one comes with different challenges, treatments, and outlook. Some blood cancers develop quickly, while others can take years. People with some slowly developing types of blood cancer may not need immediate treatment. They may instead be monitored closely over time.
What is the main cause of blood cancer?
Blood cancers develop because of faults or ‘mutations’ in our DNA. Scientists don’t fully understand what causes these mutations and they are often out of our control, but there are some rick factors that can increase how likely you are to develop blood cancer:
• age – as you get older you accumulate more mutations
• family history – in some cases having a family member with blood cancer slightly increases your risk
• environmental factors - radiation or chemical exposure may be linked to some types of blood cancer
How common is blood cancer?
The most common blood cancers are leukaemia, lymphoma and myeloma but there are also lots of other types of cancer that affect our blood cells including myelodysplasia and myeloproliferative neoplasms. It is estimated that around 250,000 people in the UK are living with blood cancer. It is the most common type of cancer in children and every year in the UK more than 500 children are diagnosed with blood cancer.
Your blood cancer FAQs:
What causes blood cancer?
Researchers are still working out exactly what causes these changes, and how they can lead to blood cancer. Some DNA changes might be caused by exposure to risk factors in our environment, such as chemicals, or radiation. Other reasons may be genetic, or due to the presence of other health conditions.
DNA changes also occur naturally over time as we age, and our cells become less efficient at picking up and correcting these changes. This is one reason why older people generally have a higher risk of developing any cancer.
For many cases of blood cancer, the underlying cause is not known, but research in this area is already helping us to find out more. We’re proud to be supporting several blood cancer research projects which are investigating how blood cancers begin.
What are the main types of blood cancer?
Lymphoma is a type of cancer which affects our lymphatic system. This is a network of vessels which runs throughout our body and helps to carry immune cells like white blood cells, waste, and water. It has an important role in our immune system.
Lymphoma happens when a type of white blood cell called a lymphocyte does not develop properly. The cells begin to divide out of control and clump together to form solid lumps. Tumours most commonly form in the lymph nodes but they can form in other parts of the body too.
Lymphomas are usually classed as Hodgkin lymphoma or non-Hodgkin lymphoma, depending on the type of cell that is affected. Hodgkin lymphoma is more rare in the general population, but is one of the most common cancers diagnosed in younger people.
Leukaemia is a cancer of white blood cells. It usually begins in the bone marrow when the process of generating new white blood cells goes wrong. Precursor blood cells (called ‘stem cells’) produce too many cells that do not develop fully. This leads to a lack of healthy cells able to work properly. It can also disrupt the balance between white blood cells and other cells in the blood, causing further problems.
There are many different types of leukaemia, which are usually named according to the type of cell they affect, and whether they are chronic or acute.
Acute types of leukaemia develop quickly and can have more severe symptoms at an earlier stage. Prompt treatment is often needed to help prevent rapid progression. Chronic types of leukaemia tend to develop more slowly, with milder initial symptoms. Treatment is usually still required, but the condition may be managed differently over time.
Myelomas develop when a type of bone marrow cell called a plasma cell begins to divide uncontrollably. Plasma cells are usually involved in producing antibodies, which help our immune system recognise and fight off infection. When myeloma develops, plasma cells do not produce antibodies correctly, and this can affect our ability to recover from infection. The overproduction of plasma cells can also lead to problems with production of other cells in the bone marrow, causing further issues.
Myeloma is usually called multiple myeloma because it can affect any bone in the body which contains bone marrow involved in blood cell production. Myeloma can develop in different areas of the body at the same time.
Other more rare conditions such as myeloproliferative disease (also called myeloproliferative neoplasms or myeloproliferative disorders), and myelodysplastic syndrome (also called myelodysplasia) are also classed as blood cancers. These conditions affect cells of the bone marrow, causing them to produce too many blood cells, or too few healthy blood cells.
What are the symptoms of blood cancer?
People with blood cancer may experience a number of different symptoms. Some are quite general and could be explained by other more common conditions. If you have any symptoms that you are unsure about, it’s always worth talking to your GP.
Some common symptoms of blood cancers include:
● Heavy sweating at night
● Persistent or recurrent infections
● Uncomfortable pain in bones and joints
● Unusual or frequent bruising and bleeding
● Looking very pale or greyish coloured
● Feeling breathless
● Persistent tiredness, or weakness
● Other unexplained general symptoms such as weight loss, rash or itchy skin, lumps or swellings
How is blood cancer treated today?
Several different treatments are available to treat blood cancer. Standard treatments like chemotherapy and radiotherapy have been developed over many years, and are still very effective.
Blood cancer researchers have also made huge progress in developing new effective treatments which can work alongside existing treatments. These include:
● Targeted therapies - which act on specific molecules involved in cancer growth.
● Immunotherapies (including CAR-T therapy) - these work with our immune system to treat cancer.
● Stem cell transplants - where blood stem cells which are affected by cancer are replaced with your own or someone else’s healthy new stem cells.
Can blood cancer be cured?
Survival rates for different blood cancers vary quite a lot. For some people their treatment will be successful and there will be no sign of cancer left. Unfortunately for other people their blood cancer may stop responding to treatment or it may come back.
Thanks to research survival like ours survival rates for blood cancer have risen over the last few decades and now around 70% of people in the UK diagnosed with blood cancer will survive 5 or more years after their diagnosis.
There is more research needed though to help reach a day where no life is cut short by blood cancer. As an international cancer research charity Worldwide Cancer Research are supporting researchers around the world to look for new ways to prevent, diagnose and treat blood cancer.
Donate now & become a Curestarter
Be part of a united effort to stop lives being cut short by cancer.
